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A Study of Zoom’s Video Conferencing Architecture & System Design. 

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How Zoom Provides Industry-Leading Video Capacity - Zoom Blog

 

In early , Zoom grew from 10 million users per day to over million users per day. That kind of growth requires some serious scaling, and they pulled it off with minimal service disruptions. Makes you wonder what technology zoom is built on! It also offers highly reliable video and voice conferencing. Like many tech companies, Zoom was designed to scale. Pre-pandemic early , their 19 interconnected data centers were running at half capacity.

This gave them plenty of wiggle room to absorb the initial surge in users. Zoom uses both AWS and Oracle servers for non-meeting functionality such as call scheduling and participant management. They usually use their own data centers for the actual video calls. However, if their data centers are being over-taxed, Zoom can offload these video calls to the AWS or Oracle servers.

This option of as-needed resources enables Zoom to remain flexible and scale quickly. They can easily pull the lever to expand or contract their AWS resources to keep the meetings running smoothly. Then, when things quiet down again, they can pull back. We already covered the fact that Zoom has 19 interconnected data centers.

This decision was made to reduce the latency of video calls. The closer a device is to a data center, the quicker the communication is received. So, Zoom uses geolocation to pinpoint which data center is closest to each user and then ports all information flow through that center. Zoom's server infrastructure is one of the many system architecture decisions that were made with the user experience in mind.

As we just mentioned, user experience was a top priority when it came to designing the Zoom system architecture. This distributed network decreases latency, giving users higher quality video experiences in every meeting—no matter where they are located. Each participant in a video call generates multiple video streams of different qualities e. In other words, it's responsible for identifying and sending the appropriate stream with the right quality to other participants.

In a typical MCU system, the identification step occurs before the stream is sent to the client—so only one stream is sent. However, that requires heavy computing, which vastly limits the scalability of the system. Zoom works a different way—first sending all the streams from a video participant to the client and then identifying the appropriate stream.

By separating the video processing from routing, Zoom significantly reduces the amount of computing that's required. Usually, a client would need to encode and decode multiple streams to provide different resolutions of video and audio. However, Zoom manages different network capabilities and devices using multi-bitrate encoding. This multi-bitrate encoding allows a single stream to adjust to multiple different resolutions by itself—providing higher reliability and quality.

Normally, QoS technologies are deployed on the network layer i. Zoom, however, created a proprietary QoS solution that lives on the application itself. This allows Zoom to optimize the audio, video, and screen-sharing experience for each specific device on which the application is loaded.

Surprisingly, Zoom built a native app for each platform rather than a hybrid app. Here are all of Zoom's supported platforms with the front-end language s that were used to build each one:. If there are only two participants, a peer-to-peer protocol is used. However, if there are more than two participants, Zoom uses a fallback strategy. For example, when a client connects to the server, it attempts to do so via UDP. And if that fails, it tries via SSL. This flexibility in terms of which network protocol the client uses leaves room for a lot of optimization.

This means UDP has less overhead while providing the most real-time, low latency data transfer available—important metrics for video and voice calls. Unlike UDP, TCP waits for the missing packets to come through before continuing, which causes higher latency and delay in the video. So, it's a fallback choice only used when UDP isn't working. Here's a Zoom architecture diagram that will help you visualize the core components as we discuss them. Zoom client refers to the app an individual uses to participate in a conference call.

The Zoom data center houses the Meeting Zones. A Meeting Zone is a cluster of servers, usually physically co-located, that host a Zoom call. A Zone Controller is responsible for all the activity in a given Meeting Zone. It manages new connections and monitors the server load.

As the name suggests, the Multimedia Router is responsible for distributing the audio and video streams to the correct participants in a Meeting Zone. This component of the system design hosts the zoom. For example, when you first start a video call, the Web Infrastructure determines which Zoom Meeting Zone to use. Existing on each Meeting Zone and in the Public Cloud, these tunnels offer participants a point of connection should every other network connection strategy fail.

With more and more companies going fully remote, video conferencing technology is experiencing quite a boom. If done correctly, building your own video conferencing app can be very lucrative. While building a company like Zoom requires deep pockets, great marketing, and brilliant engineers—building a video chat app like zoom can be easy as a breeze.

Luckily, there are ways to speed up the process of building a video conferencing app. There are plenty of built-for-you technologies you can leverage. We support all the major platforms and technologies, including React, Angular, Vue, and many more. Here are step-by-step tutorials to help you build your own Zoom clone:. Ready to jump in? Sign up to our developer dashboard and start building your video chat app for free.

If you still have questions, feel free to talk to our experts and get answers before you get started. Or, if you're interested in learning more about different chat app architectures, check out our guide on chat app architecture and system design.

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